Friday, June 21, 2019

Civilization


For a week or so, English Buildings turns into a book blog as I review some recent publications that have struck me. To begin with, a book about cities and the life lived in them...
 
Richard Sennett, Building and Dwelling
Published by Allen Lane


There are lots of books about cities and how they should be shaped to meet our needs today. They range from academic studies and guides for planners to more general works, all of which can be peppered with obfuscating jargon (that can be variously weighted with politically biassed meaning, or vapid, or both). Richard Sennett is part academic sociologist, part city planner, and part generalist. His recent books have included studies of craftsmanship and cooperation. Building and Dwelling is the third in a trilogy that includes those two predecessors. Like them, it’s direct and clear in its language, rich with telling examples and engaging anecdotes, and full of good sense.

Sennett begins with a useful distinction between what he calls, borrowing the French distinction, ville (the architectural, physical reality of the city) and cité (the human life lived in it). His particular interest is in how these two interact – how people live in cities and alter them physically, and how the built environment influences the dwellers within it. A key point of the book is that city planners – like Cerda in Barcelona or Hausmann in Paris – can have a huge influence on the way cities look and develop, but that those living there after the planners are gone alter the buildings and neighbourhoods in all kinds of unpredictable ways. Cerda’s wonderful plan for Barcelona with its distinctive grid of octagons still gives the city its character – but not quite in the way the planner intended; we still walk along Hausmann’s boulevards in Paris, but in 1968 we were reminded that no plan could stop protests and riots as the baron of the boulevards had intended.

In the course of the book, which is dense with examples, Sennett covers as many kinds of diverse territories as a wide-awake urbanist or an exhausted traveller could imagine. At one end of the historical spectrum is classical Athens, with its agora (part marketplace, part law court, part eatery, part temple precinct) and pnyx (home of popular assemblies and political discussions). At the other end is the New York Googleplex, a ‘shell renovation’ of an old building, in which everything is available to Google’s employees – they don't have to step outside to get their clothes laundered, visit the gym, consult a doctor, eat, or even sleep.

If there’s a lesson in all this, it’s that it is best to plan for cities to be adaptable or ‘open’. Sennett finds this admirable quality in unlikely places – in Nehru Place in Delhi, where there are businesses that form a kind of downmarket Silicon Valley, and a market where Sennett buys a dodgy smartphone. Or in parts of Shanghai, where people are faced with garish new capitalist office blocks, but react against their stridency by looking to the past.

But Sennett is not after some nostalgic hankering for an ideal past. At the end, after a traversal of many cities and accounts of many reactions to them (including outright escape from the city altogether), he comes down in favour of adaptability, of reconfiguring or repurposing parts of the city rather than either restoration on the one hand or sweeping everything away on the other. It's a humane kind of conclusion, based on the recognition that grand plans never turn out as they were intended and that modern pieties like ‘public consultation’ are often ineffective. And it's based on an obvious love of the world’s cities. Any other lover of cities with an interest in their history and their future should read this book. 

4 comments:

Hels said...

The whole question of town planning struck me most forcibly in brand new cities, not updated old cities. So I examined Lutyens in New Delhi and Geddes in Tel Aviv, in detail. Haussmann in Paris was fascinating but not as significant in world history.

Joseph Biddulph (Publisher) said...

The cover picture for this book gives little sign of hope: I passed block after block after block of completely austere high-rise flats during a recent trip through Stratford, East London. These good citizens - presumably the work-force who keep London functioning - also need a good urban environment. Such a contrast with the aesthetically pleasing buildings etc. so often seen in this blog! The town planner is faced with an awe-ful responsibility, and in the case of that part of the metropolis seems to have FAILED abominably!There is no need to add artistic starvation and austerity to already insufficient accommodation - in fact, we might argue that there is a need for MORE ORNAMENT, MORE ART where the poor people live! We who have lived in cities like Birmingham know the difference between a sympathetic and an unsympathetic urban environment - do we have to sound like unrealistic romantic and outdated nostalgia-merchants just to try and make this point? A town planner who has not lived next to a coal-fired power station in a home some would call a slum should perhaps be prepared to do some real homework before making big mistakes at the expense of others. (I am available for advice!)

Joe Treasure said...

This one sounds right up my alley, Phil (or boulevard?). Thanks for a really informative and interesting review.

George said...

Thank you. I may have to find a copy for a young relative.